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Ongoing news reports in the international media have revealed operational details about the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and its international partners' global surveillance of foreign nationals and U.S. citizens. The reports mostly emanate from a cache of top secret documents leaked by ex-NSA contractor Edward Snowden, who obtained them while working for Booz Allen Hamilton, one of the largest contractors for defense and intelligence in the United States. In addition to a trove of U.S. federal documents, Snowden's cache reportedly contains thousands of Australian, British and Canadian intelligence files that he had accessed via the exclusive "Five Eyes" network. In June 2013, the first of Snowden's documents were published simultaneously by ''The Washington Post'' and ''The Guardian'', attracting considerable public attention. The disclosure continued throughout 2013, and a small portion of the estimated full cache of documents was later published by other media outlets worldwide, most notably ''The New York Times'', the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ''Der Spiegel'' (Germany), ''O Globo'' (Brazil), ''Le Monde'' (France), ''L'espresso'' (Italy), ''NRC Handelsblad'' (the Netherlands), ''Dagbladet'' (Norway), ''El País'' (Spain), and Sveriges Television (Sweden).〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.eff.org/nsa-spying/nsadocs )〕 These media reports have shed light on the implications of several secret treaties signed by members of the UKUSA community in their efforts to implement global surveillance. For example, ''Der Spiegel'' revealed how the German Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) transfers "massive amounts of intercepted data to the NSA", while Swedish Television revealed the National Defence Radio Establishment (FRA) provided the NSA with data from its cable collection, under a secret treaty signed in 1954 for bilateral cooperation on surveillance. Other security and intelligence agencies involved in the practice of global surveillance include those in Australia (ASD), Britain (GCHQ), Canada (CSEC), Denmark (PET), France (DGSE), Germany (BND), Italy (AISE), the Netherlands (AIVD), Norway (NIS), Spain (CNI), Switzerland (NDB), Singapore (SID) as well as Israel (ISNU), which receives raw, unfiltered data of U.S. citizens that is shared by the NSA.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://cphpost.dk/news/denmark-is-one-of-the-nsas-9-eyes.7611.html )〕 On June 14, 2013, United States prosecutors charged Edward Snowden with espionage and theft of government property.〔(U.S. vs. Edward J. Snowden criminal complaint ). ''The Washington Post''.〕 In late July 2013, he was granted a one-year temporary asylum by the Russian government, contributing to a deterioration of Russia–United States relations. On August 6, 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama made a public appearance on national television where he reassured Americans that "We don't have a domestic spying program" and "There is no spying on Americans". Towards the end of October 2013, the British Prime Minister David Cameron warned ''The Guardian'' not to publish any more leaks, or it will receive a DA-Notice. Currently, a criminal investigation of the disclosure is being undertaken by Britain's Metropolitan Police Service. In December 2013, ''The Guardian'' editor Alan Rusbridger said: "We have published I think 26 documents so far out of the 58,000 we've seen." The extent to which the media reports have responsibly informed the public is disputed. In January 2014 Obama said that "the sensational way in which these disclosures have come out has often shed more heat than light"〔(Transcript Of President Obama's Speech On NSA Reforms ) NPR January 17, 2014〕 and critics such as Sean Wilentz have noted that many of the Snowden documents released do not concern domestic surveillance.〔Sean Wilentz (January 19, 2014), (Would You Feel Differently About Snowden, Greenwald, and Assange If You Knew What They Really Thought? ) ''The New Republic''〕 In its first assessment of these disclosures, The Pentagon concluded that Snowden committed the biggest "theft" of U.S. secrets in the history of the United States.〔 Sir David Omand, a former director of GCHQ, described Snowden's disclosure as the "most catastrophic loss to British intelligence ever". == Background == Barton Gellman, a Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist who led ''The Washington Post''s coverage of Snowden's disclosures, summarized the leaks as follows: The disclosure revealed specific details of the NSA's close cooperation with U.S. federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in addition to the agency's previously undisclosed financial payments to numerous commercial partners and telecommunications companies, as well as its previously undisclosed relationships with international partners such as Britain, France〔 Germany,〔 and its secret treaties with foreign governments that were recently established for sharing intercepted data of each other's citizens.〔〔 The disclosures were made public over the course of several months since June 2013 by the press in several nations from the trove leaked by the former NSA contractor Edward J. Snowden,〔 who obtained the trove while working for Booz Allen Hamilton.〔 George Brandis, the current Attorney-General of Australia, asserted that Snowden's disclosure is the "most serious setback for Western intelligence since the Second World War."〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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